The Is Like A Rope Of Sand - 779 Words

All this is from God, who through Christ reconciled us to himself and gave us the ministry of reconciliation; that is, in Christ God was reconciling the world to himself, not counting their trespasses against them, and entrusting to us the message of reconciliation. (2 Corinthians 5:18-19 NIV) I spoke yesterday how life is like a rope of sand. You can t hold onto it, no matter how hard you try. We also can t predict what might happen at any moment. My heart has been heavy this past week over the shooting in Oregon. I think about the conversations at breakfast. Plans being made for the weekend or perhaps just for the afternoon. And then in one senseless evil moment nine lives were lost and an entire community was shaken to its very core. Every indicator at this point says that the shooter, for whatever reason, was targeting Christians. I say this with caution because when events like this happen its difficult to completely get a true accounting of the events. BUt let it suffice to say, at this moment the targeting of Christians seems to be the case. How are we, as the church, to respond to something like this? That s not idle question. We may focus more on an event like this because it happens in our own country, but perhaps it ought to wake us up to the truth that Christians are being persecuted all over the world. Always have been, really, in one form or another. Consider, just in the past year or two we have seen a systematic mass murdering ofShow MoreRelatedThe Rope Ladder: A Shifting Symbol in Kobo Abes The Woman in the Dunes1177 Words   |  5 PagesKobo Abe begins his novel, The Woman in the Dunes, in a hamlet where the residents beguile Niki, the protagonist, to climb down a steep sand slope with a rope ladder. The rope ladder, though a seemingly simple tool, continues to make an appearance physically, in plans, and in desire. The rope ladder in Abe’s The Woman in the Dunes is a changing symbol used to intensify Niki’s understanding of his imprisonment, his feelings of hope, and his freedom. Upon arriving in the desert in hopes of findingRead MoreA Place called Ceani1406 Words   |  6 PagesRaphael Hohstadt walked through the windy desert of Ceani. The wind-blown sand had made Raphael’s goggles very dirty, and it was hard to see out of them. His once-sandy-blonde hair was dark with dirt and grease. His eyes matched his dirty hair, and the loose parka he wore. His tight black shirt was zipped all the way up to the front of his face, hiding the mask that he wore over his nose and mouth to block him from breathing the toxins in the air. He had green cargo pants on, with the pockets filledRead MoreTraining Equipment For Fitness And Strength Training1488 Words   |  6 Pageshealth and fitness goals. There are the common pieces such as wrist wraps, Swiss ball and captains of crush. There are also some more unconventional training methods such as the use of: - Resistance bands - Chains - Weight vests - Kettle bells - Sand bags - Wrist rollers In this report I am going to give a brief outline as to what each of these are as well as what they do to benefit you and your training. Resistance bands: Resistance bands are used mainly be power lifters and athletes. TheRead MoreHumans are Destroying Our Oceans945 Words   |  4 PagesThe alluring azure ocean, the brisk ocean waves, the lemon yellow sand all show a paradisiac view of the Tasman Sea in Australia. However looks are deceiving. Walking 20 feet from the shoreline, a nauseous view disrupts the majestic scene. I see a plethora of dirty Poland Spring water bottles on the shore. An ash colored seabird lies with a murky bag over its head, lifeless. The dead sea bird was doomed to die of human waste because plastic is being dumped in the oceans and slaying marine lifeRead MoreThe Dust Bowl By Robert E. Geiger1145 Words   |  5 PagesIf you would like to have your heart broken, just come out here. This is dust-storm country. It is the saddest land I have ever seen.-Ernie Pyle, 1936. The name Dust Bowl was first used by Robert E. Geiger, a news reporter for Associated Press, after witnessing the massive dust storm that took place on April 14, 1935. After a few short hours, the name stuck and was continuously used to describe the drought stricken Southern Plain. What started out as a drought ended up being one of the most disastrousRead More Descriptive Essay about Sunset Beach752 Words   |  4 Pagesjoy. Most of the people came out with blankets or towels and enjoyed the rays of the sun while laying still on them. Just before the hot sand embraced all over my feet, I went to a clear area and started building my sand castle. As for the teenagers, they chat in groups with their friends under the coconut trees. I was also under a shade of a tower which stood like a tall tree. I found people on this high platform who wore red shirts and always staring towards the sea. The length of the beach stretchesRead MoreThe Lake - Original Writing1516 Words   |  7 Pagestheir lake house. Looking back, it doesn’t seem like a lot, but I remember spending countless hours snorkeling, swimming, and paddle boarding. When I was 14, I refused to go again. I hated that house, I hated the lake. I’ve been having nightmares about the lake ever since. No matter how many times people ask what’s wrong with me, I never give an explanation. I prefer not to talk about it, whenever I do, I feel like I’m back at the lake. I feel like I can start to smell the lake. This lake- my lake-Read MoreThe Life Of Archimedes Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe Method. In the book The Method it shows that Archimedes has theorized the development of integral calculus by two thousand years. Of the several essays that Archimedes has written The Sand Reckoning is the only one that remains. The essay proposed the problem of determining the number of grains of sand in the universe, containing a special notation for estimating and expressing very large numbers. The numerical system he uses is based on units of 10,000, because in ancient Greece 10,000 wasRead MoreReview of An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge1623 Words   |  6 Pagesthe inner thoughts of Peyton Farquhar as he is about to be hanged, followed by a dream-like flashback that happened as he imagined the rope had broken. Bierce was a Union Army veteran, and made it clear that he was not particularly fond of this secessionist planter and slave owner. In the second part of the story, Farquhar is tantalized by the dream or hallucination of having escaped the hangman after the rope broke and making his way home. He swims away from the bridge and runs a long distance,Read MoreAncient Egyptian Pyramids Architecture1566 Words   |  7 Pagesstanding survivor of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (Ancient Egypt 2014). Also, the Great Pyramid was the sole structure of the three great pyramids to utilize the ball and socket technique in its cornerstones, which combated natural forces like earthquakes. In addition, the Great Pyramids, including the Pyramid of Khufu, were aligned with the Belt of Orion; interestingly, Orion was associated with the mythological Egyptian god Osiris, their god of the afterlife and rebirth. Moreover, the

Police Codes Of Conduct And Police Code Of Ethics

Police officers are held to a higher standard than most members in society and the community they serve. Not only must they observe and abide by the common law of the land, there are additional rules and principles they must abide by. This is illustrated in the police officer s code of conduct and police code of ethics. Many police departments have their own code of conduct which are to be followed by the officers. Just like any other profession, there are no fool proof rules and standards. People will (for whatever reason ) try to beat the system or just plain fall short of whats required of them. That’s why ethics and codes of conduct are so important. They basically let an employee know whats expected of them. There is no difference when it comes to law enforcement. The rules of conduct set forth in an law enforcement s agency policy are intended to provide specific standards of conduct incorporated in the agency s code of ethics and the agency’s statement of values so that officers of the agency will better understand laws and regulations pertaining to their conduct and activities while on and off duty. Law enforcement ethics and code of conduct models are used by various police law-enforcement agencies that operate here in the United States. Federal Police, Federal Law Enforcement Officers, State Police which may be called State Patrol or Highway Patrol, County Police (which tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction), SheriffsShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesDilemma of a Police Officer Professions are guided by codes of ethics to aid them in performance of their duties and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct. Police officers are faced with a maze of obligations in the performance of their official duties. The â€Å"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics† and â€Å"Canons of Police Ethics† were created to make explicit the conduct considered appropriate for police officers and to guide them in the performance of their duties. Although police have these guidesRead MoreCriminal Justice: Ethics and Integrity676 Words   |  3 PagesEthics and integrity are important to a police chief or county sheriff in a number of ways. First, ethics and integrity assist a police chief or a county sheriff to recruit the best officers who can work in their departments. It is only through application of the principles of ethics and integrity that a police chief or a county sheriff can identify these qualities in the potential applicants, and use them in the recr uitment process. Second, ethics and integrity are important to a police chief orRead MoreCode Of Conduct For Law Enforcement Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Assignment 1 Sydney E Vaughn CRJU 1400 Ethics and Cultural Perspectives in Criminal Justice Professor Stephen N. Knights Jr October 22, 2016 Contents Introduction 2 Police Ethics 2 Corruption 3 Police Corruption 3 Police Discretion in Ethics 4 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement 4 Types of Police Corruption 4 Ethics in the Courtroom 5 Prosecuting Attorneys 5 Defense Attorneys 5 Ethics in Police Training 6 Closing 6 Introduction Ethics by definition states thatRead MoreEthical Policies And Practices Of The New South Wales Police Force1567 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. More specifically, it is an ideal and aiming to practice it is a necessary element in any liberal, democratic community†. The ethical policies and practices of the New South Wales Police Force (N.S.W.P.F), including the Oath of Office, Missions and functions, Statement of values and Code of Conduct and Ethics will be discussed in relation to the â€Å"Rule of Law†. Two real examples will also be discussed to demonstrate the ethical dilemmas that exist in the N.S.W.P.F. At its most fundamental levelRead MoreEssay on Ethics in Policing824 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Policing CJS/210 November 1, 2009 William Whitlatch, Instructor Ethics in Policing According to Webster’s Dictionary, ethics is defined â€Å"as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation† (Merriam-Webster Online). This concept is prevalent in the world of police work since police officers are supposed to be the â€Å"good† in whatever is considered a â€Å"bad† situation. Many police departments offer training in ethics during the time in whichRead MoreEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Ethics in the criminal justice system is customary when the administration measures are sometime virtuous and imperfect, attractive and unattractive and the ideas of production values are perceptive that this may be right and wrong. Working in the criminal justice system, every decision and results must meet the needs of the citizens and the law enforcement in regards to the balancing concern. The concerns are from prosecuting the guilty and respectingRead MoreThe Importance Of Integrity And Good Work Ethics885 Words   |  4 Pagesbe successful in their field of choice. Maintaining a professional relationship at all times should be my number one goal when knowing that at any moment I can be in the spotlight. As a Parole Officer, it is important to use integrity and good work ethics when supervising offenders. Parole Officers play a major role in the lives of the offender, community, and court systems; so being trustworthy is a big part of a parole officer. Working with many different clients on a daily basis is a big responsibilityRead MorePolice Misconduct And Criminal Justice923 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Police executives have always had different issues within the police department. Most police executives try to find a quick fix in order to solve the issue of police misconduct. Police misconduct is defined as inappropriate action taken by police officers in relation with their official duties (Police Misconduct Law Legal Definition, n.d.). In order to solve this issue, one must acknowledge their different challenges, overcome the â€Å"code of silence†, and find out the role of organizationalRead MoreShould A Police Officer Conduct Affected His Job?981 Words   |  4 PagesUnfortunately, nobody is perfect, and police officers also make wrong decisions that could jeopardize the integrity of their police department. Often people do something that they know is wrong. However, they still do it because they feel no harm will come to them or they think nobody would ever find out. For instance, cheating on a test is wrong, but people do it because they think they can get away without the professor finding out. There was a case where a police officer conduct affected his job. On JuneRead MoreThe Ethics Of Police Officers967 Words   |  4 PagesPolice officers not only have to follow a set of rules and legislation, but they also must behave in a decent manner while on duty as well as off duty. Unfortunately, nobody is perfect, and police officers also make wrong decisions that could jeopardize the integrity of their police department. Often people know something they do is wrong. However, they still do it because they feel no harm will come to them or it they think nobody will ever find out. For instance, cheating on a test is wrong, but

Character Developments in Cold Blood Free Essays

Character Development: Techniques Truman Capote used several techniques to develop the characterization of the killers in his book, In Cold Blood. But primarily, Truman Capote uses anecdotes to describe the characters of Dick and Perry. An anecdote being, â€Å"a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Developments: in Cold Blood or any similar topic only for you Order Now † He does this by describing their child lives, and how they became who they are in the present. An example of how Capote described the character of Perry is: â€Å" He was seven years old, a hated, hating half-breed child living in a California orphanage run by nuns- shrouded disciplinarians who whipped him for wetting his bed. † Not only does he use anecdotes for describing Dick and Perry’s childhood but also their problems they face in their present lives at the time. Such as Dick’s sexual interests in younger girls, â€Å" He was sorry he felt as he did about her, for his sexual interest in female children was a failing of which he was ‘sincerely ashamed. ’† Or when Capote quotes Perry about the murder of Mr. Clutter, saying; â€Å" I didn’t want to harm the man. I thought he was a very nice gentleman. Soft-spoken right up to the moment I cut his throat. † This quote describes and confirms how Perry was insane during the murders that he committed. Capote uses this quote on purpose, because it describes how Perry’s intention was not to hurt anyone but it was a simple act of taking his frustration upon the Clutter family. Meaning that his anger was not because of the Clutter family, they just ended up receiving the end of Perry’s anger. In the story it seems as though the reader feels sympathetic towards the killers; Dick and Perry. Truman Capote does this mostly by describing the childhood of the killers, and what they went through as children that made a major impact on them now. Perry however, is more sympathized than Dick. It seems as though Perry had a ‘rougher upbringing’ than Dick did. For an example, when his sister sends him a letter of how disappointed she and her father are in his decisions. â€Å" Your present confinement is embarrassing to me as well as Dad – not because of what you did but the fact that you don’t show me any signs of sincere regret and seem to show no respect for any laws, people or anything. Even though Perry made horrible decisions in his life, reading parts of this letter, sympathy can be a common emotion that the reader feels to see how much Perry was a disappointment to his family. Of course another key factor Capote used to gain sympathy from the readers was by writing them in the killers’ point of view. This way, you know more about the kil lers and their upbringing, and it makes you wonder if they really knew what they were doing. How to cite Character Developments: in Cold Blood, Essay examples

Reality the Matrix and Truman free essay sample

?Reality is always manipulated by the authorities throughout the world. This is no different in two particular movies, â€Å"The Truman Show† and â€Å"The Matrix†. So how do we know what reality is? How can we tell the difference between reality and a ‘Fake’ world? â€Å"Have you ever had a dream, Neo, that you were so sure was real? What if you were unable to wake from that dream? How would you know the difference between the dream world and the real world? † (Morpheus, The Matrix). In both film texts there are a number of authorities who manipulate the reality of the world in order to maintain their control over the world. The authorities in The Truman show include: Christof (Being the most important), The producers, Meryl and Marlon, Other cast members and the viewing Audience (Least Important). â€Å"We accept the reality of the world in which we are presented† (Christof). In other words if we believe the false world to be real, we will slowly begin to forget what reality is and accept that false world created. The authorities manipulated what Truman’s life was like and the people who were allowed into his. They did this to have a long lasting television program. There were a number of time throughout the film when manipulation occurs. For example when Truman was in the travel agency wanting to book a holiday to Fiji and the advisor tells him that there are no flights out of Seahaven (The name of the town in which Truman lives) for the next month. Another, when Truman picks up the newspaper and on the front page the headline reads â€Å"Seahaven, The safest and best location in the world†. This reinforces the constant message to him not to travel, that Seahaven is the best place for him to be. Although there are many other ways that Trumans life is manipulated to keep him in the dome in which he was trapped for a good part of his life they are done to manipulate him. Even though right at the end of the movie, he walks out of the dome and becomes the authority of his life. This is much the same in The Matrix, Thomas Anderson or Neo (The One) is manipulated into belieiving a false reality by the Artificial Inteligence ( The main authority), (A. I), then there comes the Agents who try to keep people from realizing the truth about the false world to help the A. I keep on living. Then along comes Morpheus who says to Neo â€Å"This is your last chance. After this, there is no turning back. You take the blue pill – the story ends, you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill – you stay in wonderland and I show you how deep this rabbit hole goes†. Neo takes the red pill and soon realizes what reality is. The Oracle had told Neo that he would be faced with a situation, to save his own life or to save Morpheus. Neo changes reality and saves Morpheus as well as himself and defeat the agents and walking out of the matrix being able to stop bullets. All he had to do was listen to Morpheus when he said â€Å"Let it all go Neo. Fear, doubt and disbelief. Free your mind† Why is reality manipulated in both of the above film texts? It is manipulated for a different reason in each film. Truman’s reality is manipulated to create a television program that people (The viewing audience) are hooked on and don’t want to stop watching because it is so good. Christof’s final words to Truman right before he walks out of the dome and to the real world â€Å"I know you better then you know yourself. You’re afraid, that’s why you can’t leave, it’s okay Truman, I understand. I have been watching you your whole life, I was watching when you were born, I was watching when you took your first step, I watched you on your first day of school, the episode when you lost your first tooth. You can’t leave Truman you belong here, with me† In which Truman replies â€Å"In case I don’t see ya, good afternoon, good evening and goodnight† Reality in The Matrix is manipulated to create an energy source for the A. I that is why everyone in the matrix doesn’t know it but in reality they are hooked up to a mind control machine that keeps them in a deep sleep until they realize that the world they live in is actually fake. As Agent Smith says â€Å"Did you know that the first Matrix was designed to be a perfect human world? Where none suffered, where everyone would be happy. It was a disaster. No one would accept the program. Entire crops were lost. Some believed we lacked the programming language to describe your perfect world. But I believe that, as a species, human beings define their reality through suffering and misery. The perfect world was a dream that your primitive cerebrum kept trying to wake up from. Which is why the Matrix was redesigned to this: the peak of your civilization. † Therefore reality is manipulated to create something completely different within both film texts even if they do end in a similar way. Meaning the main character that is being manipulated takes control of their life and changes the course of reality. With the help of a few people along the way, it becomes easier and reality turns out to be the complete opposite of what they have being lead to believe. If both Truman and Neo just sat in a chair and thought about what reality really could be and didn’t do anything about it, the authorities against them finding out the truth would have one the battle and Truman and Neo would still be sitting in that chair not knowing the difference. Instead they got up out of the chair and found out what reality really is.

The Outsiders Critical Review

On The Beach essays

On The Beach essays In the big city of Melbourne, Australia, material goods have become scarce. There are no cars, and very little of the luxuries that there once were. It takes hours to get simple necessities such as milk. All this is because of the nuclear war in the Northern Hemisphere. This nuclear war has wiped out every living thing, including all humans, throughout countries like China, Europe, and even the United States. It all began with a fight between Russia and China, who wanted to destroy each others land. They managed this with nuclear bombs, and without realizing the consequences, killed off their own people along with everybody else due to the radiation that was left behind. The radiation has killed all forms of life in the Northern Hemisphere so far, and is now steadily approaching the Southern Hemisphere; the only place left on the planet with life. Lieutenant Commander Peter Holmes lives in Melbourne with his wife, Mary and their infant, Jennifer. They, along with everyone else in Australia, have heard and known that the radiation is slowly coming and scientist have predicted that they only have until September before it spreads throughout Australia, killing them all with a slow sickness. This sickness includes symptoms such as nausea, diarrhoea, and trembling. It could take anywhere from three days to three weeks to die, depending on ones resistance in their body. Peter is aware of the short time he has left to live out his life, yet his wife Mary fails to realize that there will be no next year, or next spring. She continues to plan ahead as if she will still be alive years or even months from then. Peter helps to comfort her by allowing her to think this way and buying her things such as flowers for the garden that will not bloom until the next year. Peter is called on assignment in the beginning of the book to go on a cruise aboard the U.S.S. Scorpion, the only submarine left. T...

Website Evaluation Paper and Prototype for Redesign Essay

Website Evaluation Paper and Prototype for Redesign - Essay Example In order to increase the customers and business there is a desperate need to re-design the website for survival of the Berry’s company and competing with their competitors. In order to achieve the objectives, the company needs to improve the website in three diverse aspects include: the overall design, the user interface and the web marketing to increase the traffic. The improvements in the overall design of the website may include but not limited to the inclusion of a site map, the standardized coding or quality of code, search engine optimization and page layout. The user interface should be improved to get effective and efficient user interaction with the website. The user interface should be simple, easy-to-use and attractive by applying the web user interface standards and guidelines. The website’s visitors are not always the customers, but the objective is to compel the visitors to stop and buy the services, it can be accomplished by the service quality, selection (and the way of presenting services or contents) and the attractive price or offer. The already identified weaknesses of the website can be categorized into the three above mentioned categories. As the contents of the website do not precisely depict the objective of the website. Therefore, it is highly recommended to add a clear objective statement of the Berry’s company, the services that are provided in the bullets need to be elaborated so that these services can be described to the visitors/customer to gain their attention that may lead to a successful sale. Moreover, the contact information needs to be modified in a way that customers can interact with the company’s officer through the website. The contents’ language should represent the real world information so that the customer can easily understand. These recommendations related or categorized into the sale related issues or to stop the visitor to read out contents for a while. The website does not contain a site map and search

Johns Gospel and the New Testament Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Johns Gospel and the New Testament - Assignment Example   It would be interesting to note that what the Gospel of John fairly implies would be quite difficult to grasp and understand for early Jews which the Gospel of Luke can compensate. It is probably why the character of Nicodemus found its way in the production of Stevens (The Greatest Story Ever Told) totally unheard in the Gospel of John that most films depict a rendition according to the Gospel of Luke. In this regard, it is clear that directors Kirsch, Sykes and Stevens wish to simplify the storyline rather than dwell on a symbolism that is sometimes hard to decipher for a varied audience. Translation of the Bible particularly in the New Testament for films usually takes on a lot of work to produce a biblically-accurate full-length life of Jesus that will be unbiased and in a well-presented manner. The producers of Sykes and Krisch's(The Jesus Film,1979) made their statements that literally adapted the Gospel of Luke because of "its completeness" according to John Heyman. One go od example that the opening of the film quotes the Gospel of John however interestingly, the omission, in particular, the crown of thorns which was never mentioned in Luke (yet dramatized in the Gospel of John) fought its way in the actual film. The New Testament as a great book of history and literature requires a sharper insight useful for both teaching and training in righteousness. It, however, stands as the subject of numerous rebuttals that requires incessant studies. In the New Testament, it is my belief that the works of John, Luke and Matthew provides a basis for comparison in a theological aspect and an interesting picture that has influenced the works of Milton, Whitman, and Shakespeare among others. College study of the bible and its analysis holds answers to the readings that teenage bible classes have aroused a profound mental picture. Full steam, we push ahead and participate in the strenuous activity of discovering new heights that forever seeks answers to the hypoth etical questions of its depth and meaning. However, Walsh argues that Jesus films tell as much about the changes in American culture as they do about Jesus. This leaves enough room for contention regarding the reality and the human aspect and behavior of Jesus Christ that the Gospel of Luke depicts him to be. In all its simplicity, we wish to see how Jesus lived and behaved through his youth and teenage life that is seemingly lacking in most films and absent in the chronology of the Bible. Enough focus dwells on the last three years of Jesus' adult life that proclaims his divinity in Aland(1982), but the emphasis of his subjectivity as a human being commands a higher interest pertaining to the allegations of his sexual union with a human being. What would also be an interesting feature is the continuance of Jesus teachings that evolved into the present day religion claimed by the Roman Catholicism. As early as childhood, we have learned of Jesus' association as the son of God in the religious aspect. Latest findings regarding his human nature have baffled mere readers and common followers. It would be more helpful to note that Jesus is not a belief system but rather a reality that participates in the redemption of every human being.  There is nothing to delete in the biblical chapters if only to maintain what is written beforehand unlike the pages of history books that forever needs to be rewritten to accommodate new findings. But in all honesty, the truth should be annexed into the end pages of the bible and with any other related book that is created summative or critical.

The Role of Women in Developing Countries Essay

The Role of Women in Developing Countries - Essay Example (Levy, 1988). The sociological concept of functionalism enables one to understand the importance of one's role in society. Functionalism is the perspective concerned with actions among individuals, the constraints imposed by social institutions on individuals, and links between the needs of an individual and the satisfaction of those needs through cultural and social frameworks. (Alan Barnard, 2000). It draws from the contribution of Emile Durkheim. Durkheim explained that a society functions smoothly similar to that of a healthy organism which is made of many parts put together in larger systems. These systems correspond to its own special purpose of function in consonance with the others. Durkheim stated that societies have structures similar to an organism. Social institutions just like the parts of the body also function together within larger systems. The social systems cover relations of kinship, belief, politics, and economics which are woven together as the society in the same manner that the various biological systems together form the organism. In this paper, the sociological concept of functionalism will be applied to the role of women in developing countries such as Singapore, Malaysia and Korea. Singapore is known as a patriarchal state. Malaysia is an Islamic state. Korea also adheres to the importance of a woman's work in the home. The status of women in Sing... The PAP enacted a Women's Charter whose main aim was to 'enable women to have their rights safeguarded by legislation' (Singapore Legislative Assembly Debate 6 April 1960, p. 443). The Women's Charter outlawed polygamy. The Charter also emphasizes and maintains the roles, responsibilities, duties, and rights of women within the family. Finally, the Charter protects the traditional roles of women as wives and mothers. The People's Action Party government described itself as a patriarchal state where nation and family are pre-eminent concerns. (Goh Chok Tong, 1991) The values emphasized in the White Paper are 'nation before community and society above self and 'family as a basic unit of society' (Chok Tong 1991, p. 10). This state-supported patriarchy meant re-locating women back into the home through specific rules that make her primordially responsible for child- rearing and other household duties. The modern Malaysian woman is well-educated, perceptive, independent, articulate, but also faithful to family, religion and a vision of Islamic modernity. However, challenges still remain. Malaysian women still experience serious disadvantages such as discriminatory labor laws, poor working conditions in the workplace, a neglect of rural women, problems of family workers, stresses produced by juggling the demands of daily life and the focus on the woman's reproductive role. (World Bank 1999). The Malaysian women are extensively involved in domestic, technical and other white-collar work. Malaysian female rural workers contribute to family labor. The young rural women who migrated to the city from rural villages had full employment.

Tourist motivation

Tourist motivation Tourist motivation is seen by many writers as one of the key elements in understanding tourist decision-making behaviour. A sound understanding of travel motivation plays a critical role in predicting future travel pattern. The big answer to the basic question, why do people travel? has occupied the minds of tourist researchers for many years. Various methods have been employed to uncover travel motives. The following literature will shed light on various theories that can be used to have a knowledge why people travel to urban destination. Tourist motivation can be defined as the global integrating network of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behaviour and experience. (Pearce, Morrison Rutledge, 1998). Put simply, motivation is a state of arousal of a drive or need which impels people to activity in pursuit of goals. Once the goals have been achieved the need subsides and the individual returns to the equilibrium-but only briefly because new motives arise as the last one is satisfied. As cited in Seaton (1997) motivation of the individual person to travel, to look outside for what he cannot find inside have been largely created by society and shaped by everyday life. Grays (1979) travel-motivation theory, poses only two main motives for travel. One is the desire to go from a known to an unknown place, called in Grays theory wanderlust. The other motive is what Grays called sunlust. This generates a trip to a place which can provide the traveler with specific facilities t hat do not exist in his or her own place of residence. Some of the motives which determine their travel choices are recreation, pleasure, new experiences, cultural interest, shopping. According to the push and pull concept, Crompton (1979), push factors explains the desire for travel while the pull motives have been used to explain the actual destination choice.   Nine motivations of leisure travelers were identified and classified seven as socio-psychological or push motives and two as cultural or pull motives. The seven push motives were, escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationships, and facilitation of social interaction. The pull motives were novelty and education. Maslow (1943) identified two motivational types: tension-reducing motives; arousal-seeking motives. According to Maslow, there are five needs forming a hierarchy, progressing from the lower to the higher needs. At the bottom are the basic needs for food, water and air. Then, above them is the need for safety, security, and protection. Maslow argued that if the lower needs are fulfilled the individual would be motivated by needs of the next level of the hierarchy. Cooper et al (2005) criticises Maslows theory saying that why and how Maslow selected the basic five needs remain unclear, although Page (2003) feels that it has relevance in understanding how human action is understandable and predictable compared to research which argues that human behaviour is essentially irrational and unpredictable. Though much criticism about Maslows theory, the tourism industry has borrowed a lot from Maslow because he provides a convenient set of containers that can be relatively labeled and provide a useful framework for understanding psychological motivational factors in tourism. Thus, for example, although the apparent purpose of a trip may be for shopping, the underlying psychological motivation may be to impress their neighbours and gain higher social status. Iso-Ahola (1982) says that tourists will switch roles while on holiday, and that over time different needs will arise. Single motivation may not always act as the determining factor for travel. If within the holiday, the initial needs are satisfied, other motivations might emerge. Indeed, it is congruent with Maslows theories of needs to argue that if initially there is a primary need for relaxation while on a holiday, the satisfaction of that need will create awareness of other needs such as exploration of place as a means of acquiring a sense of belonging or to enable processes of self-actualisation to take place. Dann (1981) has identified seven elements of tourist motivations: travel as a response to what is lacking yet desired; destination pull in response to motivational push; motivation as fantasy(engage in behaviour and activities that are culturally unacceptable in their home environment like prostitution and gambling); motivation as classified purpose(VFRs); motivational typologies; motivation and tourist experiences; motivation as auto-definition and meaning (the way in which tourist define their situations and respond to them).[Page Connell,2003]. P.Pearce (1988) as cited in Ryan (1997) lists five travel motivations which he calls travel career ladder where tourists develop varying motivations of relaxation, stimulation, relationship, self-esteem and development, fulfillment. In Pearces model, the motivations listed can be divided into two categories. The needs may be self-centered or directed at others. Thus, for example, relaxation may be a solo exercise where the holiday-maker seeks a quiet restful time alone or it can be relaxation in the company of others, springing from the need for external excitement and desire for novelty. Stimulation can be self-directed which springs from the concern for own safety, or it can be directed toward others arising out of the concern for others safety. Relationship can be self-directed which means giving love and affection and maintaining relationships, or it can be directed at others which means receiving affection, to be with group membership. Self-esteem and development maybe self-dire cted like development of skills, special interests, competence and mastery, or it may be directed at others like prestige, glamour of travelling. Fulfilment is totally self-directed as it fulfils individual dreams, understands oneself more and experience inner peace and harmony. There are some criticisms against Pearces travel motivations. For example, Pearce argues that stimulation may be understood along a dimension of risk and safety of self or others. However, it might be argued that there is a real and distinctive difference between these two motivations. Cohen (1972) as cited in Shaw Williams (2002), draws attention to the fact that all tourists are seeking some element of novelty and strangeness while, at the same time, most also need to retain something familiar. How tourists combine the demands for novelty with familiarity can in turn be used to derive a typology. Cohen distinguished tourist using sociological principles into organised mass tourist, individual mass tourists, explorer and drifter. They feel that it is not based on any empirical data. In addition, these groups were also differentiated along the lines of contact with the tourist industry, with mass tourists being termed institutionalised and the more individualistic tourist being regarded as non-institutionalised. Smith (1977) provided a more detailed variant of Cohens tourist typologies. Smith (1977) identifies 7 categories of tourist who have been termed as interactional typologies: explorer, elite, off-beat, unusual, incipient mass, mass, and charter. Shaw Williams (2002) opines that Plogs typology is based on asking tourists about their real general lifestyles or value systems, often using perceptual information derived from interviews. Plogs (1987) typology can be used to examine tourist motivations as well as attitudes to particular destinations and modes of travel. In terms of the latter, a tourist typology developed for the American Express (1989) has categorised travellers as: adventurers, worriers, dreamers, economisers and indulgers- all of whom viewed their travel experiences in different ways.

Changing Views of The Chorus in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Changing Views of The Chorus in Antigone    The chorus, a group of common people who follow the actions of the play Antigone, waver in their support of either Antigone or Creon, depending on their actions during a particular part of the story-line.   Early in the play it is evident that they are extremely pro-Creon, but a short time later they seem to sway into the direction of Antigone and support her actions.   This incongruency about the them, however, was an extremely interesting feature of this Sophocles drama, causing the reader to question the reliability of the chorus.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The opening lines from the chorus merely inform the reader about the war which had just taken place between Thebes and Argos.   Their last lines of this opening choral passage, however, introduced king Creon, making him seem quite noble yet mysterious to his loyal subjects.   They state such questions as:   " what new plan will he launch?" and "Why this sudden call to the old men summoned at one command?" (Lines 175-178) These lines are utilized by Sophocles as   a suspenseful introduction to Creon's orders concerning the body of Polynices.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The chorus's next appearance blatantly shows their biased attitudes against Antigone and her exiled father Oedipus.   At this point they still sing praise for King Creon and his unwavering decisions concerning the law which was placed upon the city regarding the body of Polynices:   "When he weaves in the laws of the land, and the justice of the gods that binds his oaths together, he and his city rise high--but the city casts out that man who weds himself to inhumanity thanks to reckless daring.   Never share my hearth never think my thoughts, whoever does such things." (Lines 409-416)   In my opinion the man laying down the law here is Creon and Antigone is the "man" wedding herself to inhumanity.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next major choral address is a turning point regarding their attitude towards Antigone.   At this point they are actually feeling pity towards the rebellious young woman:   "But now, even I'd rebel against the king. I'd break all bounds when I see this-- I fill with tears, can't hold them back not any more. . . I see Antigone make her way to the bridal vault where all are

Royal Enfield

Royal Enfield – Brand Rejuvenation of Motorcycle in India The year 2000 could have been decisive. That was when the board of directors at Eicher Motors decided to either shut down or sell off Royal Enfield – the company's Chennai-based motorcycle division, which manufactured the iconic Bullet motorbikes. For all its reputation, the sales of the bike was down to 2,000 units a month against the plant's installed capacity of 6,000; losses had been mounting for years. Just one person stood up to the board, insisting Royal Enfield should get another chance.He was Siddhartha Lal, a third generation member of the Delhi-based Lal family, promoters of the Eicher group of companies. Lal, then 26, was an unabashed Bullet fan: he even rode a red coloured Bullet while leading the baraat (procession) to his wedding venue, instead of the traditional horse. â€Å"The board agreed to give me a chance,† says Lal. â€Å"It was not because of its confidence in me, but because the b usiness was doing so badly it could hardly get any worse. † Lal felt Royal Enfield could still be saved. The bike had its reputation, a cult following, an instantly recognisable build, and aspirational value.Changes had to be made to keep up with the times and make the bike more acceptable, and there in lay the problem. Royal Enfield fans liked the bikes exactly the way they had always been. â€Å"We needed changes to attract new customers but by doing so risked losing existing ones,† says R. L. Ravichandran, whom Lal brought in as CEO in 2005 as part of his revival effort. Ravichandran had earlier worked with both TVS Motor and Bajaj Auto. â€Å"We were in a peculiar situation,† he adds. Rejuvenating Times The change had to be a calibrated one.The mistaken notions of prospective customers had to be addressed, and any reservations about Bullet and Thunderbird, which was launched in 2002, removed. At the same time, Lal and Ravichandran were clear that the individu ality of Royal Enfield bikes should not be compromised. â€Å"We did not want to go down the commuter route, but instead looked at the leisure segment,† says Ravichandran. Retaining the bikes' rugged looks was a given, including the build, the design of the head lamp and the petrol tank. But should the gears be shifted close to the rider's left foot – as in most bikes – or retained on the right side?The question gave Lal and his team many sleepless nights, since long time users were dead opposed to the change. The engine was another thorny question. The old cast iron engine was a relic of the past. Its separate gear box and oil sump design made it prone to oil leaks and it seized up very often. Its ability to meet increasingly strict emission norms was also suspect. A modern aluminium engine would eliminate these problems, but it would lack the old engine's pronounced vibrations and beat – which Royal Enfield customers loved.Laws of physics made it imposs ible to replicate these with the new engine. The new engine had 30 per cent fewer parts and produced 30 per cent more power than the old, with better fuel efficiency. By 2010, all Royal Enfield models had begun to use the new engine. Two other problems needed to be addressed: the quality of some of the components Royal Enfield bikes were using, and the sales experience. The case is prepared by Prof. Sanjay Patro and Aby Abraham, XLRI Jamshedpur for academic purpose only. It is not to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a business situation To tackle the first, shop floor process were fine e ses e-tuned, whil suppliers w exhorte to le were ed improve qua ality levels. R Royal Enfield also embar d rked on a larg scale inter exercise to tone ge rnal e up performa ance. â€Å"We de eclared 2006 as the year o getting bac to the bas of ck sics,† says Ravichandra â€Å"We also formed a fie quality ra an. eld apid action fo to bridg the gap bet orce ge tween custo mer expectations an the reality nd y. † Slowly, the tide turned. E t Engine relate problems and oil leaka ed ages in the b bikes were tackled first.By 2008 de ealers were reporting lo ower worklo oads in the workshops. Warranty c claims fell sharply too. Royal Enfi ield also beg conduct gan ting marquee rides to promote leisu biking. e ure â€Å"Such steps removed the fears abou our produc reliability some customers may h ut cts' y have had,† says Venki Padmanabh han, who su ucceeded R Ravichandran as CEO e n earlier this year after Ravichandra was eleva an ated to the b board of Eich Motors. To improve sales exper her e rience new expanded. company-ow wned sho owrooms were la aunched and dea alershipsIn October 2008, Roya Enfield lau al unched in G Germany its newly desig gned 500cc Classic mod – inspire by J2, a del ed 1950 model Bullet – wit the new engine. It was a success, th admired fo its pe for erformance and fuel economy. Emboldened Lal launch it in In d, hed ndia in Nove ember 2009 initially as a 350 cc b bike, priced at Rs 1. 20 lakh. This proved a hit too. â€Å"Now, our capacit utilisation is 100 per t , ty n cent. Yet there is a six month waiting period for hs deliveries,† says Venk â€Å"We pla to doub our cap ki. an ble pacity soon to 1. 5 lak bikes. kh Changing T Times According to industry body, the Soc ciety of India Automob Manufac an bile cturers, the In ndian twost l e wheeler industry is expected to pos an annual growth of 11-12 per cent, and the market is expected to double ever four years till 2020. A ry s According to data from Nomura and Crisil, as o d 0 wo-wheelers were sold in India 20 011-12. Vehi icles in the executive many as 10 million tw segment form the bulk of sales at 6. 5 million, f med k 6 followed by the economy segment (1. 8 million) y and premium segment (1 million). m 1. The recent series of hike in the price of petrol h s es have played a significant role in the sa of twoale wheeler s, ac ccording to S SIAM, as mo first-time four-wheel buyers in rural India and tier II ost e ler n and tier III c cities have d deferred their purchases. Two-wheelers account for a very h high 76 per cent of mar rket share in the autom n mobile sector in Asia’s third-largest economy. Passenger r t vehicles account for 16. 2 per cent. 25 According to a recent H t Human Deve elopment Re eport by UN NDP, India i one of the youngest is e nations with the median age being 29 yrs by the year 2020.A the pene h And etration figur of 35% res Urban and 1 14% rural in ndicates that there going to be a per g riod of grow in the tw wheeler wth wo market. Challenging Times g The compet tition in high ‘cc' two wheeler seg her gment is heat ting up. Bajaj (Pulsar 35 NS, Rs 50 1. 75 lakh), Yamaha (Sp ports bike F FZ1, a 998cc motorcycle, at a price tag of Rs 8. 7 lakh), c e Kawasaki N Ninja 650, etc are burning the rubber t enthrall In c g to ndian youths. 2 Rajiv Bajaj, Managing Direc tor of Bajaj Auto, the 2nd Largest Motor cycle manufacturing Company of India, said â€Å"We have recognized the different needs of the customers of our high end bikes.To cater to these needs we have established separate stores called as â€Å"Bajaj Probiking Showrooms at in the major cities across the country. The Kawasaki Bajaj Ninja is available exclusively through Probiking Showrooms. † Bajaj has joined hands with KTM of Austria a bike manufacturer since 1934 and has brought higher end motorcycles in India under the brand KTM Duke. Hero Moto Corp after separation of its ties with Honda has become more aggressive. Honda charting out its solo journey wants to bring the best of the world to one of the fasted growing market of India. These are the few competitors to name.Many more will follow. Entry of Harley Davidson into India added new flavour to the higher end segment. HarleyDavidson India commenced operations in August 2009 and appointed the first dealership in July 201 0. Since early 2011, Harley-Davidson has been assembling motorcycles in India at its CKD (Completely-Knocked-Down) assembly unit at Bawal in Haryana. India is the second country where Harley-Davidson has CKD assembly operations outside the US, after Brazil. Harley-Davidson currently offers a range of 14 models from each of its 5 families – Sportster, Dyna, Softail, V-Rod and Touring.Each of the five Harley-Davidson motorcycle families boasts of a distinct character and caters to the varied sensibilities of the broad range of customers. Road Ahead Siddharth Lal observed that it grew at 42% and could sell 74,626 bikes during the year 2011. Venki is excited about the fact that demand has more than doubled and Enfield can supply and he is not bothered about the market share figures as they see themselves in a different league. In his words ‘it is more about the context of the product†, the product-market ‘. â€Å"Royal Enfield is a leisure brand that it enables customer to enjoy leisure†. It is an involving and engaging motor cycle† . The bike demands for continued caring kind of interaction from its riders that leads them to develop a emotional bond. Today, Royal Enfield's problems are of a different kind. It needs to scale up without diluting brand equity. From being the most expensive bike on Indian roads, today it faces challenges from iconic global brands such as Harley-Davidson which has entered the Indian market. With other competitors getting battle ready,how can it hold on to customers through the waiting period of six to eight months.Driving change when the chips are down is easy, when there is no other option. In Royal Enfield's case the? What would be your recommendations to Mr. Venki Padmamnabhan, CEO, with regard to its future roadmap, Product strategy, Brand Management /engagement and Marketing strategy? 3 Exhibit 1 Production figures for 2012 Jan-12 Hero Motocorp Ltd. 458848 7303 Royal Enfield 76 Harley David's Feb-12 479927 8005 116 Mar-12 502208 9004 104 Apr-12 485325 9013 104 May-12 515627 9256 100 Jun-12 517848 9265 74 Jul-12 469951 10057 90 Aug-12 401194 10237 86 Sep-12 367869 10255 87 Oct-12 426307 10606 78Exhibit 2 Harley Davidson Bikes Price list India Harley Davidson Super Low Price In India : 5. 5 lakh Harley Davidson IRON 883 Price In India : 6. 5 lakh Harley Davidson 883 Roadster Price in India : 7. 5 lakh Harley Davidson Forty-Eight Price In India : 8. 5 lakh Harley Davidson Nightster Price In India : 9. 95 lakh Harley Davidson XR1200x Price In India : 11. 95 lakh Harley Davidson Street bob Price In India : 13. 95 lakh Harley Davidson Super Glide Custom Price In India : 15. 45 lakh Harley Davidson Fat Boy Price In India : 19. 2 lakh Harley Davidson FLSTFB Fat boy Special Price In India : 19. lakh Harley Davidson Haritage softail classic Price In India : 20. 2 lakh Harley Davidson Night ROD Special Price In India : 19. 55 lakh Harley Davidson Road king Price In India : 22. 45 lakh Harley Davidson Street glide Price In India : 24. 2 lakh Harley Davidson CVO ultra classic electra glide Price : 34. 95 lakh Exhibit 3 Royal Enfield Bikes Price List in India 2012 : Royal Enfield Classic Chrome – 1,67,000 Royal Enfield Desert Storm – 1,57,000 Royal Enfield Electra 5 S – 69,000 Royal Enfield Bullet 500 Classic 1,23,000 Royal Enfield Thunderbird K.S. 89,000 Royal Enfield Bullet 350 ES – 85,600 Royal Enfield Machismo 350 – 78,000 Royal Enfield Electra 4 S – 93,100 Royal Enfield Machismo 500 – 1,04,000 Royal Enfield Thunderbird S. S – 1,07,000 Royal Enfield Bullet 350 UCE – Rs. 99,500 Royal Enfield Electra Twinspark ES – Rs. 1,11,000 Royal Enfield Electra Twinspark KS – Rs. 1,07,000 Royal Enfield Thunderbird Twinspark – Rs. 1,16,000 Royal Enfield Thunderbird 500 – Rs. 1,66,000 4 -2: l Exhibit- Bajaj: Driving the Power Revolution with Pulsar 5 Exhibit: 3: Harley Davidsonâ€⠄¢s Advertisements in india t 6

The Imagery of Hamlet essays

The Imagery of Hamlet essays Shakespeares Hamlet uses imagery as a means to portray ideas that varies away from the normal representation of a thought. Shakespeare uses imagery as a vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas. Imagery permits the reader to reveal the authors intentions instead of hearing their descriptions. Learning the ideas makes this type of doubtfulness more powerful rather than being shown to the reader. The intensity of imagery used throughout the play is unmistakable.(Imagery) Three important functions are used to show the performance of imagery in Hamlet. First, the main characters of the play are individualized. Second, major themes are announced and elaborated. Finally, it places images in the audiences mind by establishing the atmosphere of the play and it keeps the basic mood of the tragedy. The clarity in which Shakespeare uses imagery helps to define these functions, emphasizing what is really important to humanity.(Imagery of Hamlet) A clear reoccurring pattern in the plays imagery is evident by the poisoned sword and cup. Hamlets father being poisoned is a major symbol of the moral condition of Denmark. Just as Claudius poured the leporous distilment into his sleeping brothers ear, which spread all throughout his body and destroyed the healthy living being, Claudius morally poisons Gertrude with the witchcraft of his wit and with traitorous gifts. In order to please his evil master, Polonius yields the kings moral poison and will even give up his daughter Ophelia to Hamlet. As a result of moral poison, the morally unstable Laertes loses his life because he is unable to resist Claudius moral poison. The symbols of the poisoned sword and cup represent the evil plot developed by the treacherous, which specifically spell out the end product of their development.(Mack 2) Unmistakably Claudius and Laertes developed their...

Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention

Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention The purpose of this paper is to get a better perspective and understanding of Afghan communism and the Soviet intervention by critically analyzing the communism ideology and how it aided the Soviet Union to join the war in Afghanistan. Communism as an ideology was by extent borrowed from the Marxist philosophy.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communism by large and far is both a political and economic doctrine that advocated for public ownership and control of major facets of production, thus becoming a form of socialism. This way of thinking came about as a means to counter the American ideology of capitalism, which was seen to entail cut throat competition that further empowered the policy of having private property. To help us grasp the idea of Afghan communism, it is critical to have an understanding of her history. 0ver the year s, Afghanistan was under a monarch rule. Mohammed Zahir Shar was the king until July 17th, 1973 when he was ousted by his brother in-law and cousin, general Daoud Khan who brought an end to the monarch rule and led to the formation of the republic of Afghanistan. In 1979, a group of leftist led by Nur Mohammed Taraki, Kamal Barbrak and Amin Hafizullar organized a coup d’Ã ©tat. After the former government was withdrawn, Taraki became the new president while the post of the prime minister was given to Hafizullah. As for Kamal, he sought exile in Moscow. Taraki went to Moscow to meet Leonid Brezhnev, the president. Brezhnev advised him to do away with his Prime Minister Hafizulla, but among his security details a guard who was Hafizulla agent and reported the matter to Amin Hafizulla. Nur Mohammed summoned Amin who agreed to the summons on the pre-condition that his safety was to be guaranteed by the Soviet government through its ambassador. The Soviet embassy agreed to provid e Amin with security. Having been forewarned, Amin used the palace guards to take Tariki hostage and assumed leadership of the country. Tariki died shortly of undisclosed illness. Under Amin’s rule the soviet wanted to put their troops in Afghanistan in anticipation of the American invasion of Iran much to Amin’s willingness. Eventually, the soviet invaded Afghanistan through paratroopers and killed Amin. These led to the occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union. The death of Amin paved way for Babrak Karmal to take over the leadership mantle as the head of Afghanistan’s government.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government led by Babrak suffered a series of splits which prompted the Soviets to seek Babrak’s replacement with Mohammed Najibullah who was by then the head of the PDPA. Babrak took a conceited role in enga ging the Soviets. He eventually succeeded in taking power from Babrak Karmal. The civil war within Afghanistan was felt beyond the boundaries of Afghanistan. The civil war prompted peace talks in Geneva. As a solution for the continued conflict, the Geneva talks came up with a 9 moth timeline that would see the withdrawal of troops from the troubled Pakistan. These led to the creation of a neutral state of Afghanistan and allowed for Afghan refugees to come back to their country. The agreement between the faction groups was to be guaranteed by the Soviet Union and the United States. By 15th February 1989, the last of Soviet troops had withdrawn as stipulated by the agreement schedule. However, the withdrawal did not bring either lasting peace or lessen the resentment from most Afghans and so Afghanistan plunged from one civil war to another. From the analyzed history, it is important to mention that through the invasion of Afghanistan it led to speedy adoption of communism through a ssimilation or imposition. The effect was tremendous and far- reaching as it led to a ten year civil war between the soviet troops and the Afghan guerillas or the Mujahedeen. The war escalated to a holy war (jihad) and served as a rallying force for many Muslims who were drawn from across the Muslim world to fight on the side of the guerillas. Reports based on the 9/11 commission reveals that most schools, mosques and some boarding houses were used for the purpose of recruiting youths for the jihad across the world including the United States. The ultimate result of Afghan communism, as identified by Bradsher, (2001) was the rise of more violent movements that were first aided by Britain, America and the republic of Saudi Arabia, but down the line, the friendship between these nations deteriorated and the situation graduated to terrorism. The ideology leveled by the soviet to the Afghan people lost a sense of direction when the Soviet Union collapsed. However, this did not mean the end of radical socialism, but in effect; it brought in a new wave of communism from the wide known economic point of view to a more political idealism that was now headed by the KGB. The Soviet Union had failed in its quest to spread their ideology which had also impacted on their economy negatively.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communism had to change its face and this was brought to play by Yuri Andropov who took over the reigns of the KGB in 1967. This branch of the Russian security service was transformed to become an independent, fully fledged unit within the Soviet State. Yuri Andropov also championed the financing activities for various uprisings in Europe, the Middle East and in Africa. These uprisings were initially started as student uprisings especially in northern Europe and in the Middle East. Yuri used a different a pproach; that of business, especially in oil which was meant to cut of the west especially America that depended on oil products imported from the oil rich gulf-region. He was also pro-active in the formation of a group of young Muslim fundamentalist from the various Islamic countries who resided in America as either students or workers. Some of this recruits assisted to form the Muslim brotherhood movement. What remains as the most controversial point in Afghan communism is the fact that the rise of Islamism militias lies squarely on both the infiltration by either the KGB or the CIA, with both parties rooting for their interest within Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is supported by the reports of personalities such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a sympathizer and also a pro-active associate of the communist regime in Kabul. The most shocking analysis about Gulbuddin Hekmatyar is how he ended up becoming an operative of the Pakistan ISI and even getting both financial and weapons from Amer ica in aid of the Taliban in the 1980s, despite being known for his support for the terrorist and his affiliation to militias in Iran. Others have suggested that this could only have been possible through the infiltration of the CIA by KGB. Others have argued that the CIA lacked the intelligence to have foreseen the consequence of their involvement with these individuals who mostly tried to use the resources’ of the United States to expound on their agenda. However, it is important to mention that not all socialist ideologists have contributed to this radical wave of violence; rather, it is the extremist side that has led to the formation on internal self-grown terrorists who are affiliated to these extremists.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To enhance this knowledge, it is critical to look at how the Taliban came to be. Taliban was established by Mullah Omar who was joined in 1984 by Osama bin Laden in Pakistan and took part in the 1987 battle. In autumn, of 1989 Bin Laden’s mentor, Massud, was assassinated and he took the reigns of al-Qaayd. Osama sent most of the fighters at home and abandoned his base in the frontier town of Peshawar in the pretext that Saudi Arabia had issued a decree for his death. By 1991, still the communists’ regime controlled and governed Kabul and when matters started to take shape in the Soviet Central Asia, Bin Laden changed his focus and apparent interests in destabilizing the Russian ideology and control to targeting pro-American governments’ supporters in Africa, and Europe. Bin Laden only returned to Afghanistan through the invitation of Hikmatyar in 1996 to join him and also as a refugee, but to his shock, most of his allies had shifted together with the communist generals to Mullah Omar’s camp. He also followed suit. All through the post-Soviet era, Russia misled the Afghan government of Burhanuddin Rabbani (1992-2001), of loyal support whereas most of its former commanders paid tribute to Hikmatyar. Reference Bradsher, H., S. (2001). Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention. New Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

TBD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

TBD - Essay Example This paper discusses persuasively the need for people to embrace volunteering in their community in a clear and outright way. The solution to the trend of the minimizing rate of volunteering in the American society is emphasizing on the importance of volunteering to the public. This can be done through the start of volunteering clubs in various learning institution. The clubs will create a platform where the students are taught the importance of volunteering in the community. The impact of this will be a generation that embraces voluntary work in their community thus this culture will be evident in years to come (Paxton, 14-15). Also, learning institution should support and motivate the students who are volunteering. This may be done by recognizing their efforts and awarding them individually with certificates of merit. It is evident that when students get to be involved in volunteering while they are young the future Corporate Social Responsibility is in good hands. Companies also should encourage their staff to be involved in volunteering through setting up of workshops to teach them on the importance. This is an open forum where every staff member will participate and give his contribution on the topic. Also, companies should set up programs of Corporate Social Responsibility in their locations. This will create opportunities for the locals to volunteer for the benefit of the development of the area (Brummel, par 4). It is evident that companies that embrace Corporate Social Responsibility have a competitive edge in the market space as it leads to a good reputation of the company. Some of the remarkable CSR companies can be involved in is the setting up recycling plants that will help in conservation of the environment. Another one is providing habitat for humanity. This involves building of affordable homes to the low-income families in the

Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Debate - Essay Example One of the hardest parts is to give the bad news to an employee who is not receiving an increment. In order to effectively deal with these managers should be taken through train by undertaking role-playing exercises to boost their communication skills. However, this can be dealt with by ensuring that the news does not surprise anyone in the company. This can only be achieved by making sure that that organization continually reminds the employees the rise will only be given based on performance and that it is not automatic to all employees. The managers should also frequently communicate the performance of the employees though out the year. In addition, employees need to understand the consequences if they do not perform as expected. This can be included in the employees’ handbook that they are not entitled to a merit increment if they do not meet the expectations. This sends a message that the organization is taking seriously everyone’s performance. Managers should be equipped with adequate skills to communicate to the employees the definition of what good performance is and what unacceptable performance is. They should be able to show the connection that exist between pay increment, performance, and how to deal with the tough questions that may arise from employees who do not receive salary increment. A manager can explore other alternatives in giving the increment. Some employees are promising. Instead of totally denying them the merit increment a manager may consider delaying it to give them a chance to turn around their performance. Another option is to offer lump sum payments in place of a base salary increment. This makes it appear like a bonus instead of a salary rise. it does not affect salary increment or hourly wages. It also stretch merit budgets while at the same time slowing salary growth this should however not be misused. Whether merits has lost its

Military Salary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Military Salary - Research Paper Example One of their duties is to respond positively to orders whenever they are called upon. Members take oath of protecting the country from both internal and external attacks. Many are times when militants travel outside the country to help in peace keeping in such countries. During their encounter with their enemies who are also armed, some may be injured or killed (Salkind, 2009). According to Sorenson and Wood (2005), militants should be ready for work always. Sometimes they are called upon during late hours of the night or on weekends when they should be resting. Patrolling late at night puts them at risk of attacks by enemies or gangsters. Sometimes they are forced by the nature of their job to spent long periods away from their family members. Militants may be sent to work in areas where climatic conditions are not favorable for their health. For instance, tsetse fly and mosquito infested areas or areas were getting the necessities, as water is a problem. They are likely to contract diseases from such areas. Based on the risks that military officers are prone to, the salary they are paid cannot cater for the risks and commitments involved during their work. The proposal aims at identifying the reasons as to why the salary received by military officers however large they may be cannot adequately cover the risks and commitments involved in serving their countries (Nasu, 2009). ... Some like weapons like bombasts and grenades cause deaths of large numbers of people depending on their weight. Militants are of no exception during such periods. Making use of the above weapons causes death of many militants. Injuries that may lead to disabilities may also occur. This study aims at understanding why the amount paid to military officers is not enough to cater for the risks and commitments involved during their service because they are at risk of death. The study is important because the salary of the military officer will never benefit them if they happen to be victims of death during wars. Why get huge salaries and put your life at risk is a question of major concern. Research Rationale The purpose of carrying out the study is to determine why salaries that military officers earn are not sufficient to cater for the risks involved and commitments during their service to their countries. In order to determine the role of study, qualitative methods of data collection w ill be used. These include focus group discussion in which military officers will be selected randomly then discussion about the topic is conducted. The other method is interviewing individual military officers to get their views. Finally, the research can gather information through direct observation of military officers as they carry out their operations. The above methods of data collection will help the researcher gather adequate information. This study is related to demographic issues and work force in the country as deaths among military officers reduces workers and population in the country. The payment given to militants is not enough to cater for their risks and commitments because the chances of

Psychology and Crime Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Crime Essay There are a number of other theories developed by researchers including Bandura (1986), Beck (1982), Ellis (1976) and Ross and Fabiano (1985) describing cognitive structures or thinking frameworks that lead to troubled or criminal behaviour. These theories suggest that how an individual thinks about an external event, not the event itself, can trigger feelings that lead to criminal behaviour. Cognitive restructuring enables offenders to change their anti-social attitudes and beliefs through a process that focuses on the individuals thinking patterns. Kohlberg (1978) in the theory of moral development was concerned with the cognitive processes behind moral judgement. He used the work of Piaget (1932) and suggested that moral reasoning advances with age. Offending occurs when there is a delay in moral development and the offender does not have the reasoning to resist temptation from offending. (Hollin as citied in Maguire 2002) This could explain why some criminals are seen to grow out of criminality. This theory has been criticised on the basis that Kohlberg was explaining moral reasoning not moral behaviour. In conclusion psychoanalytical accounts do not offer a satisfactory explanation of crime but neither do any of the other theories on their own. Psychoanalytic theories concentrate on the unconscious, which is a contributing factor in the explanation of crime but the theory cannot explain all types of crime. Learning theories look at the values and beliefs that are learnt through the environment however they do not take into account internal or cognitive factors. Cognitive approaches help us to understand crime but do not explain the causes of crime. Cognitive theories focus on the individual and how the individual can be treated to change. This is why they are in favour with criminal justice at the moment. The theories assume that all offenders are the same however it is only crime itself that can be described in such a uniform way. In order to explain crime all the available theories including sociological theories need to be taken into account. As for psychoanalytical theories Psychoanalytical theories stress the inner processes and conflicts as determinants of behaviour. However they do not ignore or neglect the environmental or social factors, but they favour the dynamic processes as playing a major role in the development of criminal behaviour. (Hollin 1989) Bibliography Ainsworth.P (2000) Psychology and Crime: Myths and reality. (Essex: Pearson) Hollin.C (1989) Psychology and crime. (London: Routledge) Maguire.M etal (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd Edition) McLaughlin.E Muncie.J (2001) The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (Sage Publications ltd. London) Putwain.D Sammons.A (2002) Psychology and Crime (East Sussex: Routledge)

Protection of the generator analysis

Protection of the generator analysis In the generator mainly faults are the earth faults and the inter turn faults they are caused by the thermal and mechanical stresses.The field system is usually ungrounded so when fault between field winding and rotor body exist does not give rise fault current. But when the second earth fault exist it short circuit the rotor winding and then produce the unsymmetrical field system and unbalance the force on rotor.This causes vibration of the rotor and damage the bearings.So rotor earth fault protection is to provided to restrict the fault spreading on ward. Because of that fault, unbalanceing in three phase stator currents exists.As the unbalance three phase currents have the negative sequence component, it rotates in a opposite direction at the synchronous speed giving rise to double frequency currents.This results in to the overheating of the rotor and also damage to the rotor.temperature indicators are used for detecting the rotor overheating. Rotor open circuit faults are less to exist causes arcing problems and reduced excitation. Loss of the field failure occurs due to the short circuit or open circuit in field winding. In the case of the generator start running as induction generator, supplying power as the leading power factor.Due to the loss of excitationand loss of synchronism and system stability occur.rotor protection can also be done by using the tripping scheme which opens the field circuit breaker which will trip the generator unit breaker. Rotor Protection: Different schemes are used for protection of faults occurring in rotor. These schemes are of the following: Rotor earth fault protection: As the field circuit are operating unearthed a single earth fault does not affect the operation of the generator.But this fault increases the stress to the ground because stator transients induce an extra voltage in the field winding.If there is only the single earth fault but the relay should be provided to give the knowledge that fault has to occurred so that the generator may take out of the service until the second fault occurs and become the cause of serious damage for the rotor. There are two basic methods used for the rotor earth fault protection of the generator. Method I: In this method a high resistance is connected across the rotor circuit and its mid point is grounded through a sensitive relay. This relay detects the earth fault for whole circuit except the rotor center point Method II: In this method dc injection or ac injection method is used. .In it either dc or ac voltage is connected between the field circuit and ground through a sensitive over voltage relay and current limiting resistor or capacitor. A single earth fault in the rotor circuit will complete the circuit including voltage source, sensitive over voltage relay and earth fault. DC injection method is simple and has no problems of leakage currents. If we use dc the over voltage relay will be more sensitive than if we use ac because in case when we use ac the relay not picking up the current that flows normally through capacitance to ground and also care should be taken to avoid resonance between capacitance and inductance. Rotor overheating Protection: Negative sequence component of the unbalanced currents of the stator winding causes double frequency current to be induced in the rotor winding due to this component overheating of the rotor take place. In case of over current due to over excitation in the rotor circuit, a dc relay is used. This relay senses and initiates alarm. Application of such relay is limited because relaying of dc quantities is relatively uncommon Rotor Temperature Alarm: This kind of protection is only provided in case of large generators. It gives the level of temperature. In it resistance is measured by comparing voltage and current by a double actuating quantity moving coil relay. The operating coil being used as voltage coil and restraining coil used as current coil. The relay measures the ratio of voltage and current because resistance gives the measure of rotor temperature. Automatic Field Suppression and Use of Neutral circuit Breaker: When a fault on the generator winding exist even through the generator circuit breaker is tripped, the fault continues to be fed as long as the excitation will exist. For the quick removal of the fault, it is necessary to disconnect the field simultaneously with disconnection of the generator. So it is very necessary to discharge its magnetic field as soon as possible in short duration. Hence it should be ensured that all protection system not only the trip the generator circuit breaker but also trip the automatic field discharge switch. Loss of Field Protection: Loss of field occurs due to tripping of the supply of the field current which occurs because of the reasons. Loss of field to the main exciter. Accidental tripping of the field breaker. Short circuit in the field circuit. Poor brush contact in exciter. Loss of AC supply to the excitation system. Field Protection Phenomena: when the field supply is tripped, it speed increased and it start behaving as induction generator so heavy currents are produced in the teeth and wedges of the rotor. Because of the drop in excitation voltage the generator output voltage drops slowly to compensate this voltage current start increasing then generator become under excited and start drawing reactive power 2 to 4 times the generator load. Before losing excitation, the generator is delivering power to the system. But when loss of field occur this large reactive load thrown on the system abruptly with loss of generatorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“s reactive power and it further causes voltage reduction and extensive instability Protection against Loss of field:If the system has capability to tolerate the difference of reactive power then automatic protection is not required but if the system will be instable in this condition and has not capability to tolerate then automatic protection is required. Under current Moving coil relay is connected across a shunt in series with field winding. But in case of large generators which operate over a wide range of field excitation then this relay will not work properly because field failure due to the failure of the excitation is not detected by it because it is held in by the ac induced from the stator. The most valid type of protection in this case is by using directional-distance type relay operating by alternating current and voltage at the generator terminals. In offset-mho relay is used and its setting is like that when the excitation goes certain value then this relay start operating because machine start running asynchronously. Its characteristics are shown on R-X diagram. When excitation is lost the generator impedance start a curve from the first quadrant to the fourth quadrant. This region is enclosed in the operating area of the relay so the relay will operate when the generator starts to slip poles and will trip the field breaker and disconnect the generator from the system. The generator may then return to service when the cause of failure is cleared. Fig: Loss of field protection Effects produced by loss of field: It can endanger the generator. Connected system or both. Loss of synchronism. Over heating of stator winding. Increased rotor losses. Pole Slipping: When angular displacement of the rotor exceeds the stability limit then rotor slips a pole pitch or we can say rotor flux slips with respect to stator flux. This condition is called pole slipping. Causes of Pole Slipping Following are the causes for pole slipping. Power system fault that persists for long duration .Connecting line between two systems is open. Because of insufficient torque that keeps rotor in synchronism. Faulty excitation system Operating errors. Pole Slipping Phenomena: Pole slipping does not occur very often when faults are cleared very fast. When pole slipping occurs due to this synchronizing power will start flowing in reverse direction twice for every slip cycle. On drawing this synchronizing power on the impedance plane the flow of it characterized by cyclic change in the load impedance and load impedance locus passes between +R and à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬R quadrants because real power flows in reverse direction. When the load impedance is very reactive in nature then two systems are 180 degree out of phase, this instant is when drawn on the jx axis the point corresponding to this instant is called transition point. At this stage only reactive power flows and system voltage reached to zero at the electrical mid point of the two systems. Mid point is that point where pole slipping take place and its location can be determined from the apparent load impedance to the point where the locus crosses the jx axis. Three parameters magnitude, direction and rate of change of load impedance with respect to the generator terminals tell us about the pole slipping, that is it taking place. Fig: Offset mho type pole protection relay Need of Pole Slipping Protection High current and torque can Loosen or causes of wear off winding. Damage shaft and coupling. Stator and rotor over heating. Excitation system damage Protection of Generator due to Unbalanced Loading: Due to fault there is an imbalance in the three phase stator currents and due to these imbalance currents, double frequency currents are induced in the rotor core. This causes the over heating of the rotor and thus the rotor damage. Unbalanced stator currents also damage the stator. Negative sequence filter provided with the over current relay is used for the protection against unbalance loading. From the theory of the symmetrical components, we know that an unbalanced three phase currents contain the negative sequence component. This negative phase sequence current causes heating of the stator. The negative heating follows the resistance law so it is proportional to the square of the current. The heating time constant usually depend upon the cooling system used and is equal to I ²t=k where I is the negative sequence current and t is the current duration in seconds and k is the constant usually lies between 3 and 20. Its general practice to use negative current relays which matches with the above heating characteristics of the generator. In this type of protection three CTs are connected to three phases and the output from the secondaries of the CTs is fed to the coil of over current relay through negative sequence filter. Negative sequence circuit consists of the resistors and capacitors and these are connected in such way that negative sequence currents flows through the relay coil. The relay can be set to operate at any particular value of the unbalance currents or the negative sequence component current. Under and Over voltage protection: Over Voltage Protection: Over voltage occurs because of the increase in the speed of the prime mover due to sudden loss in the load on the generator. Generator over voltage does not occur in the turbo generator because the control governors of the turbo generators are very sensitive to the speed variation. But the over voltage protection is required for the hydro generator or gas turbine generators. The over voltage protection is provided by two over voltage relays have two units à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ one is the instantaneous relays which is set to pick up at 130 to 150% of the rated voltage and another unit is IDMT which is set to pick up at 110% of rated voltage. Over voltage may occur due to the defective voltage regulator and also due to manual control errors. Under Voltage Protection: If more than one generators supply the load and due to some reason one generator is suddenly trip, then another generators try to supply the load. Each of these generators will experience a sudden increase in current and thus decreases the terminal voltage. Automatic voltage regulator connected to the system try to restore the voltage. And under voltage relay type-27 is also used for the under voltage protection. Under/Over Frequencies Protection: Over Frequency Operation: Over frequency results from the excess generation and it can easily be corrected by reduction in the power outputs with the help of the governor or manual control Under Frequency Operation: Under frequency occurs due to the excess. During an overload, generation capability of the generator increases and reduction in frequency occurs. The power system survives only if we drop the load so that the generator output becomes equal or greater than the connected load. If the load increases the generation, then frequency will drop and load need to shed down to create the balance between the generator and the connected load. The rate at which frequency drops depend on the time, amount of overload, on the load and generator variations as the frequency changes. Frequency decay occurs within the seconds so we can not correct it manually. Therefore automatic load shedding facility needs to be applied. These schemes drops load in steps as the frequency decays. Generally load shedding drops 20 to 50% of load in four to six frequency steps. Load shedding scheme works by tripping the substation feeders to decrease the system load. Generally automatic load shedding schemes are designed to maintain the balance between the load connected and the generator. The present practice is to use the under frequency relays at various load points so as to drop the load in steps until the declined frequency return to normal. Non essential load is removed first when decline in frequency occurs. The setting of the under frequency relays based on the most probable condition occurs and also depend upon the worst case possibilities.During the overload conditions, load shedding must occur before the operation of the under frequency relays. In other words load must be shed before the generators are tripped. Stator Over Heating: ProtectionStator over heating is caused due to the overloads and failure in cooling system. It is very difficult to detect the over heating due to the short circuiting of the lamination before any serious damage is caused. Temperature rise depend upon I^2Rt and also on the cooling. Over current relays can not detect the winding temperature because electrical protection can not detect the failure of the cooling systemSo to protect the stator against over heating, embed resistance temperature detector or thermocouples are used in the slots below the stator coils. These detectors are located on the different places in the windings so that to detect the temperature throughout the stator. Detectors which provide the indication of temperature change are arranged to operate the temperature relay to sound an alarm Stator Ground Fault Protection: The method of grounding affects the protection which is employed by the differential protection. High impedance reduces the fault currents and thus it is very difficult to detect the high impedance fault, differential protection does not work for the high impedance grounding. The separate relay to the ground neutral provides the sensitive protection. But ground relay can also detect the fault beyond the generator, it the time co-ordination is necessary to over come this difficulty. If we use the star- delta transformer bank, then it will block the flow of ground currents, thus preventing the occurrence of the fault on other side of the bank from operating ground relays. In unit protection scheme the transformer bank limits the operation of the fault relay to the generator

Comparing Poe and Whittman Essay -- comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Poe and Whittman  Ã‚     Ã‚   A successful writer is he who is able to transmit ideas, emotions, and wisdom on to his readers. He is cable of stirring emotions and capturing the reader's attention with vivid descriptions and clever dialogues. The writer can even play with the meanings of words and fuse reality with fiction to achieve his goal of taking the reader on a wonderful journey. His tools are but words, yet the art of writing is found in the use of the language to create though-provoking pieces that defy the changing times. Between the lines, voices and images emerge. Not everyone can write effectively and invoke these voices. It is those few who can create certain psychological effects on the reader who can seize him (or her) with inspiring teachings, frightening thoughts, and playful games with the language. These people are true writers†¦ In addition, authors frequently lack originality and simply take the reader on all-too-familiar voyages into politics, morals, or religion. Successful writers are those who risk and go on to write about topics that many times others have been less willing to address. The product of these extraordinary efforts is compositions richly enhanced by human feelings and real problems that we encounter and relate to our everyday lives†¦thought-provoking discussions about religion, philosophy, or politics. These pioneering authors are not afraid to write about evil, the perverse aspects of man, or even sexuality†¦Ã‚   Their true voices have risen from behind the words taking shape in the minds of the readers. Few have done this, but in the 19th Century two remarkable Americans produced compositions of unequal quality. Their styles and the way they approach the reader are different from t... ... something (AL 2139) Could it be that their originality sprouts from the fact that they have both been able to express so humanly the cries of the soul while at the same time leaving mysteries and ambiguity for the readers' minds to personalize to their own life experiences? Their distinct styles enabled them to expresses exactly what was on their minds with words, leaving behind all inhibitions. The themes of their compositions and the moral issues captured our attention. I think the reader was able to "feel" he was truly experiencing the story simply because so much was left as a mystery for our unconscious to reflect upon†¦ I am convinced that this is the key element that makes both Whitman and Poe successful writers.  Ã‚   Works Cited Reidhead J. ed.   (1998, Fifth Edition) The Norton Anthology of American Literature Volume 1: Norton & Company, New York

American Ethnic Literature Essay

American Literature has been an important part of American people for centuries. What makes this type of literature great is that the authors vision is objective and not one sided. Several of the American authors are still considered to be great writers. The books that were written by these authors are still read by people of all ages around the United States. These books are now considered classic literature. American literature is considered American because it was written by American people. Overall, â€Å"editors appear to use an inconsistent combination of citizenship, geographical location, language, and subject matter (that is, the subject of America and the United States) (Hames- Garcia, p. 1, 2003). Most of the American literature was written by white men. In order to be considered American literature it has to be about the United States. There have been many great authors that write about science fiction, but because it is unreal their literature is not considered American literature. Politics also played an important role in literature. It was of great importance to portray the American character as an â€Å"exceptional entity† (Hames-Garcia, p. 1, 2003). In the early twentieth century, writers who were not American white men were not allowed to publish their works. Women writers as well as Black, Latino, American Indian, and immigrant writers were left out altogether. This happened because other ethnic groups were considered to be inferior. It was until the 1970s that feminist began to speak out and rebel against the oppression they were faced with. It is thanks to this reform that the American literature holds diversity. It allows for men and women to have the same opportunity to express their feelings without having to worry about their race or sex. Another type of literature is ethnic literature. This type of literature is often read as an autobiography, even when making no such claims. This is written on a first person point of view. The author’s point of view is specific to their personal beliefs and life stories. It is difficult for this type of author to provide an objectionable story. They are blinded by anger because of what they had to live. The topics these authors write about covers racism and suppression. The definitions and topics will vary depending on the life experiences that each author or their families experienced. The storyline will also vary because each author lived different time periods, and of course things change over time. Ethnic Literature is great because it now holds different point of views. Every person has a different perspective on what happens around them. What allows for this to be great is that each person is entitled not only to have their own belief, but they are able to express their feelings with freedom. No person is afraid of what repercussion might come because they decided to write from their heart. The truth allows readers to realize that life has been harder for some people more than others. It is easy to forget what our ancestors had to experience in order for each individual to encounter freedom. It is now easy for men and women of all races to walk freely around their city. This however came at a price, and this type of literature allows human beings to read and experience in some small way what it was like to live in a world were the color of your skin as well as your sex had a lot to do with the quality of life you lived. American Literature will continue to play an important role in American people. The only way to enjoy this type of literature is to introduce our younger generations to it. This is the perfect material needed to give to young readers so that they can value the lifestyle they are allowed to live today. It is up to us to keep this tradition alive so that our future generation can enjoy it as well. Reference Michael Hames-Garcia. (2003). Which America is ours? Marti’s â€Å"Truth† and the foundations of â€Å"American literature†. Modern Fiction Studies, 49(1), 19-53. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 328665241). Yonjae Jung. (2004). The New Americanist Intervention into the Canon. American Studies International, 42(2/3), 213-225. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 676208971).